R. W. Andersen, Determining the linguistic attributes of language attrition, The Loss of Language Skills, pp.83-118, 1982.

. Antoniou, C. T. Mark, M. D. Best, C. Tyler, and . Kroos, Interlanguage interference in VOT production by L2-dominant bilinguals: Asymmetries in phonetic code-switching, Journal of Phonetics, vol.39, issue.4, pp.558-570, 2011.

G. J. Baxter, A. Richard, W. Blythe, A. J. Croft, and . Mckane, Modeling language change: An evaluation of Trudgill's theory of the emergence of New Zealand English, Language Variation and Change, vol.21, pp.257-296, 2009.

R. A. Blythe and W. Croft, S-curves and the mechanisms of propagation in language change, Language, vol.88, issue.2, pp.269-304, 2012.

. De-boer and . Bart, Markedness: Iconicity, economy and frequency, Handbook of Linguistic Typology, pp.131-147, 2001.

K. Chirkova, The Duoxu language and the Ersu-Lizu-Duoxu relationship. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol.37, pp.104-146, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01136724

K. Chirkova, A phonological sketch of Duoxu, Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, vol.44, issue.2, pp.97-121, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01180880

K. Chirkova, Lizu (Ersu), The Sino-Tibetan Languages, pp.823-839, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01180882

K. Chirkova and T. Gong, Simulating vowel chain shift in Xumi, Lingua, vol.152, pp.65-80, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01136678

K. Chirkova, J. N. Stanford, and D. Wang, A long way from New York City: Socially stratified contact-induced phonological convergence in Ganluo Ersu, vol.30, pp.109-145, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01684078

M. Clyne, Dynamics of Language Contact: English and Immigrant Languages. Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact, 2003.

W. Croft, Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary Approach, 2000.

T. Desmet and W. Duyck, Bilingual language processing, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol.1, issue.3, pp.168-194, 2007.

W. Dressler, On the phonology of language death, Papers from the Eighth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, pp.448-457, 1972.

J. Ferber, Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence, 1998.

W. Foley, . Gong, and . Tao, Exploring the roles of horizontal, vertical, and oblique transmissions in language evolution, The Papuan Languages. Cambridge, vol.18, pp.356-376, 1986.

. Gong, J. W. Tao, W. Minett, and . Wang, Exploring social structure effect on language evolution based on a computational model, Connection Science, vol.20, issue.2-3, pp.135-153, 2008.

. Gong, J. W. Tao, W. Minett, and . Wang, A simulation study exploring the role of cultural transmission in language evolution, Connection Science, vol.22, issue.1, pp.69-85, 2010.

T. Gong, L. Shuai, and U. Ansaldo, Computer simulation of language convergence, Eastward Flows the Great River: Festschrift in Honor of Prof. William S.-Y. Wang on His 75th Birthday, pp.244-264, 2013.

T. Gong, L. Shuai, M. Tamariz, and G. Jäger, Studying language change using Price equation and Pólya-urn dynamics, PLOS ONE, vol.7, issue.3, p.33171, 2012.

T. Gong, L. Shuai, and M. Zhang, Modeling language evolution: Examples and prediction, Physics of Life Reviews, vol.11, issue.2, pp.280-302, 2014.

F. Grosjean, Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism, 1982.

F. Grosjean, Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person, Brain and Language, vol.36, pp.3-15, 1989.

F. Grosjean, Studying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues, The Handbook of Bilingualism, pp.32-63, 2004.

S. Guion, The vowel systems of Quichua-Spanish bilinguals: Age of acquisition effects on the mutual influence of the first and second languages, Phonetica, vol.60, issue.2, pp.98-128, 2003.

M. Haspelmath, Against markedness (and what to replace it with), Journal of Linguistics, vol.42, pp.25-70, 2006.

H. Hock and . Henrich, Principles of Historical Linguistics. Second revised and updated edition, 1991.

B. Huang and W. Renzeng, Lüsuyu, 1991.

, Zang-Mianyu shiwu zhong / Fifteen Tibeto-Burman Languages, pp.132-152

B. Huang and W. Yin, Duoxuyu gaikuang, 2012.

. Han-zangyu, , vol.6, pp.49-70

F. Jansson, M. Parkvall, and P. Strimling, Modeling the evolution of creoles, Language Dynamics and Change, vol.5, issue.1, pp.1-51, 2015.

S. Kirby, Function, Selection and Innateness: The Emergence of Language Universals, 1999.

S. Kouwenberg, Convergence and explanations in creole genesis, Creolization and Contact, pp.219-247, 2001.
DOI : 10.1075/cll.23.10kou

/. Amsterdam and . Philadelphia,

J. F. Kroll, J. Gullifer, R. Mcclain, E. Rossi, and M. Cruz-martín, Selection and control in bilingual comprehension and production, The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing, pp.485-507, 2015.
DOI : 10.1017/cbo9781107447257.021

W. Labov, Principles of Linguistic Change, vol.2, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/9781444327496

URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444327496.fmatter

L. Li, Sichuan Muli xian fangyan jilue [The Chinese dialect of Muli, 2010.

. Fangyan, , vol.2, pp.114-133

Y. Matras, Language Contact, 2009.

P. Muysken, Scenarios for language contact, The Handbook of Language Contact, pp.265-281, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/9781444318159.ch13

T. Nishida, Tosu yakugo no kenky?: shin gengo tosugo no k?z? to keit?, 1973.

J. Norman, , 1999.

. Chinese, Cambridge Language Surveys

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2016.

A. Rabus, Siblings in contact: The interaction of Church Slavonic and Russian, Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity, pp.337-410, 2014.

C. A. Shepard, H. Giles, and B. A. Le-poire, Communication accommodation theory, The New Handbook of Language and Social Psychology, pp.33-78, 2001.

, Mianning Xian Zhi ??????. Chengdu: Xinan Jiaotong Daxue Chubanshe, 2009.

K. Smith and J. R. Hurford, Language evolution in populations: Extending the Iterated Learning Model, Proceedings of the 7 th European Conference on Artificial Life, pp.507-516, 2003.

S. Thomason and . Grey, Contact explanations in linguistics, The Handbook of Language Contact, pp.31-47, 2009.

S. Thomason, T. Grey, and . Kaufman, Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics, 1988.

L. Steels, The synthetic modeling of language origins, Evolution of Communication, vol.1, issue.1, pp.1-34, 1997.

H. Sun, Liujiang liuyu de minzu yuyan ji qi xishu fenlei [Minority languages of the Six River Valley and their genetic classification, 1983.

M. Xuebao, Scholarly Journal of Nationalities, vol.3, pp.99-274

D. Wang, Ersu zangzu wenhua yanjiu, 2010.

W. S. Wang and -. , Competing sound changes as a course of residue, Language, vol.45, pp.9-25, 1969.

W. S. Wang, Y. , and J. W. Minett, The invasion of language: Emergence, change, and death, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.20, issue.5, pp.263-269, 2005.

A. Wedel, S. Jackson, and A. Kaplan, High functional load inhibits phonological contrast loss: A corpus study, Cognition, vol.128, issue.2, pp.179-86, 2013.

U. Weinreich, Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems, 1974.

S. Wichmann, The emerging field of language dynamics, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol.2, issue.3, pp.442-455, 2008.

D. Winford, An Introduction to Contact Linguistics, 2003.

Y. Yao and C. B. Chang, On the cognitive basis of contact-induced sound change: Vowel merger reversal in Shanghainese, Language, vol.92, issue.2, pp.433-467, 2016.

J. Yuan, , 2001.

G. Hanyu-fangyan,

D. Yu, Principles of parametric estimation in modeling language competition, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A, vol.110, issue.24, pp.9698-9703, 2012.

, *: also includes occurrences of these initial consonants in clusters