A habitual marker in Northwestern Chinese dialects : NI (NE)
Un marqueur de l’habituel dans les dialectes du nord-ouest de la Chine : NI (NE)
西北方言的惯常性行为标记“呢”
Résumé
This paper discusses a habitual clause-final marker NI used in Northwest Chinese (in Mandarin or Jin dialects), which may also express an ongoing state or an action in progress. In Beijing Mandarin (and to a lesser extent in Standard Mandarin), NE (the cognate of Northwest Mandarin NI) exhibits a similar progressive meaning, but does no mark habitual. This shows that Sinitic languages may use both markers related to realis and irrealis mood to encode habitual. Northwest Mandarin NI belong to the former type, like Southern Min ū (‘to have’), whereas Standard Mandarin modal auxiliaries such as huì and yào belong to the latter type. Habitual marking is not compulsory in Sinitic, but habitual markers used in overt marking exhibit much variation in their forms, their source, and their syntactic position.
本文讨论句末助词“呢”在西北方言中标注惯常性行为（habitual）的功能。“呢”出现在谓词短语末尾，各地的语音形式不仅相同，我们的材料主要依据陕西省西部岐山县蒲村镇的调查，音为 [.ȵi]，本文记为“呢”。西北官话的“呢”可以表达与共同语类似的进行体功能，但是其标注惯常行为的用法是西北部的官话方言和晋方言特有的。我们简单地描述“呢”所出现的惯常句后指出，论文还讨论汉语标注惯常动作的不同表达方式，指出有的汉语方言使用与现实情态有关的标记如“呢”（闽南话的“有”也属于这一类），还有的方言使用与非现实情态有关的标记。